Canada Business Corporations Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-44)

PART IIICapacity and Powers

Marginal note:Capacity of a corporation

• 15 (1) A corporation has the capacity and, subject to this Act, the rights, powers and privileges of a natural person.

• Marginal note:Idem

  (2) A corporation may carry on business throughout Canada.

• Marginal note:Extra-territorial capacity

  (3) A corporation has the capacity to carry on its business, conduct its affairs and exercise its powers in any jurisdiction outside Canada to the extent that the laws of such jurisdiction permit.

Marginal note:Powers of a corporation

• 16 (1) It is not necessary for a by-law to be passed in order to confer any particular power on the corporation or its directors.

• Marginal note:Restricted business or powers

  (2) A corporation shall not carry on any business or exercise any power that it is restricted by its articles from carrying on or exercising, nor shall the corporation exercise any of its powers in a manner contrary to its articles.

• Marginal note:Rights preserved

  (3) No act of a corporation, including any transfer of property to or by a corporation, is invalid by reason only that the act or transfer is contrary to its articles or this Act.

Marginal note:No constructive notice

17 No person is affected by or is deemed to have notice or knowledge of the contents of a document concerning a corporation by reason only that the document has been filed by the Director or is available for inspection at an office of the corporation.

Marginal note:Authority of directors, officers and agents

• 18 (1) No corporation and no guarantor of an obligation of a corporation may assert against a person dealing with the corporation or against a person who acquired rights from the corporation that

  • (a) the articles, by-laws and any unanimous shareholder agreement have not been complied with;

  • (b) the persons named in the most recent notice sent to the Director under section 106 or 113 are not the directors of the corporation;

  • (c) the place named in the most recent notice sent to the Director under section 19 is not the registered office of the corporation;

  • (d) a person held out by a corporation as a director, officer, agent or mandatary of the corporation has not been duly appointed or has no authority to exercise the powers and perform the duties that are customary in the business of the corporation or usual for a director, officer, agent or mandatary;

  • (e) a document issued by any director, officer, agent or mandatary of a corporation with actual or usual authority to issue the document is not valid or genuine; or

  • (f) a sale, lease or exchange of property referred to in subsection 189(3) was not authorized.

• Marginal note:Exception

  (2) Subsection (1) does not apply in respect of a person who has, or ought to have, knowledge of a situation described in that subsection by virtue of their relationship to the corporation.

PART IVRegistered Office and Records

Marginal note:Registered office

• 19 (1) A corporation shall at all times have a registered office in the province in Canada specified in its articles.

• Marginal note:Notice of registered office

  (2) A notice of registered office in the form that the Director fixes shall be sent to the Director together with any articles that designate or change the province where the registered office of the corporation is located.

• Marginal note:Change of address

  (3) The directors of a corporation may change the place and address of the registered office within the province specified in the articles.

• Marginal note:Notice of change of address

  (4) A corporation shall send to the Director, within fifteen days of any change of address of its registered office, a notice in the form that the Director fixes and the Director shall file it.

Marginal note:Corporate records

• 20 (1) A corporation shall prepare and maintain, at its registered office or at any other place in Canada designated by the directors, records containing

  • (a) the articles and the by-laws, and all amendments thereto, and a copy of any unanimous shareholder agreement;

  • (b) minutes of meetings and resolutions of shareholders;

  • (c) copies of all notices required by section 106 or 113; and

  • (d) a securities register that complies with section 50.

• Marginal note:Directors records

  (2) In addition to the records described in subsection (1), a corporation shall prepare and maintain adequate accounting records and records containing minutes of meetings and resolutions of the directors and any committee thereof.

• Marginal note:Retention of accounting records

  (2.1) Subject to any other Act of Parliament and to any Act of the legislature of a province that provides for a longer retention period, a corporation shall retain the accounting records referred to in subsection (2) for a period of six years after the end of the financial year to which the records relate.

• Marginal note:Records of continued corporations

  (3) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) and subsection (2), where a body corporate is continued under this Act, “records” includes similar records required by law to be maintained by the body corporate before it was so continued.

• Marginal note:Place of directors records

  (4) The records described in subsection (2) shall be kept at the registered office of the corporation or at such other place as the directors think fit and shall at all reasonable times be open to inspection by the directors.

• Marginal note:Records in Canada

  (5) If accounting records of a corporation are kept outside Canada, accounting records adequate to enable the directors to ascertain the financial position of the corporation with reasonable accuracy on a quarterly basis shall be kept at the registered office or any other place in Canada designated by the directors.

• Marginal note:When records or registers kept outside Canada

  (5.1) Despite subsections (1) and (5), but subject to the Income Tax Act, the Excise Tax Act, the Customs Act and any other Act administered by the Minister of National Revenue, a corporation may keep all or any of its corporate records and accounting records referred to in subsection (1) or (2) at a place outside Canada, if

  • (a) the records are available for inspection, by means of a computer terminal or other technology, during regular office hours at the registered office or any other place in Canada designated by the directors; and

  • (b) the corporation provides the technical assistance to facilitate an inspection referred to in paragraph (a).

• Marginal note:Offence

  (6) A corporation that, without reasonable cause, fails to comply with this section is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars.

Marginal note:Access to corporate records

• 21 (1) Subject to subsection (1.1), shareholders and creditors of a corporation, their personal representatives and the Director may examine the records described in subsection 20(1) during the usual business hours of the corporation, and may take extracts from the records, free of charge, and, if the corporation is a distributing corporation, any other person may do so on payment of a reasonable fee.

• Marginal note:Requirement for affidavit — securities register

  (1.1) Any person described in subsection (1) who wishes to examine the securities register of a distributing corporation must first make a request to the corporation or its agent or mandatary, accompanied by an affidavit referred to in subsection (7). On receipt of the affidavit, the corporation or its agent or mandatary shall allow the applicant access to the securities register during the corporation’s usual business hours, and, on payment of a reasonable fee, provide the applicant with an extract from the securities register.

• Marginal note:Copies of corporate records

  (2) A shareholder of a corporation is entitled on request and without charge to one copy of the articles and by-laws and of any unanimous shareholder agreement.

• Marginal note:Shareholder lists

  (3) Shareholders and creditors of a corporation, their personal representatives, the Director and, if the corporation is a distributing corporation, any other person, on payment of a reasonable fee and on sending to a corporation or its agent or mandatary the affidavit referred to in subsection (7), may on application require the corporation or its agent or mandatary to provide within 10 days after the receipt of the affidavit a list (in this section referred to as the “basic list”) made up to a date not more than 10 days before the date of receipt of the affidavit setting out the names of the shareholders of the corporation, the number of shares owned by each shareholder and the address of each shareholder as shown on the records of the corporation.

• Marginal note:Supplemental lists

  (4) A person requiring a corporation to provide a basic list may, by stating in the affidavit referred to in subsection (3) that they require supplemental lists, require the corporation or its agent or mandatary on payment of a reasonable fee to provide supplemental lists setting out any changes from the basic list in the names or addresses of the shareholders and the number of shares owned by each shareholder for each business day following the date the basic list is made up to.

• Marginal note:When supplemental lists to be provided

  (5) The corporation or its agent or mandatary shall provide a supplemental list required under subsection (4)

  • (a) on the date the basic list is furnished, where the information relates to changes that took place prior to that date; and

  • (b) on the business day following the day to which the supplemental list relates, where the information relates to changes that take place on or after the date the basic list is furnished.

• Marginal note:Holders of options

  (6) A person requiring a corporation to furnish a basic list or a supplemental list may also require the corporation to include in that list the name and address of any known holder of an option or right to acquire shares of the corporation.

• Marginal note:Contents of affidavit

  (7) The affidavit required under subsection (1.1) or (3) shall state

  • (a) the name and address of the applicant;

  • (b) the name and address for service of the body corporate, if the applicant is a body corporate; and

  • (c) that the basic list and any supplemental lists obtained pursuant to subsection (4) or the information contained in the securities register obtained pursuant to subsection (1.1), as the case may be, will not be used except as permitted under subsection (9).

• Marginal note:Idem

  (8) If the applicant is a body corporate, the affidavit shall be made by a director or officer of the body corporate.

• Marginal note:Use of information or shareholder list

  (9) A list of shareholders or information from a securities register obtained under this section shall not be used by any person except in connection with

  • (a) an effort to influence the voting of shareholders of the corporation;

  • (b) an offer to acquire securities of the corporation; or

  • (c) any other matter relating to the affairs of the corporation.

• Marginal note:Offence

  (10) A person who, without reasonable cause, contravenes this section is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both.

Marginal note:Register

• 21.1 (1) The corporation shall prepare and maintain, at its registered office or at any other place in Canada designated by the directors, a register of individuals with significant control over the corporation that contains

  • (a) for each individual with significant control,

    • (i) their name and date of birth,

    • (ii) their residential address, and

    • (iii) their address for service, if it has been provided to the corporation;

  • (a.1) the citizenship of each individual with significant control;

  • (b) the jurisdiction of residence for tax purposes of each individual with significant control;

  • (c) the day on which each individual became or ceased to be an individual with significant control, as the case may be;

  • (d) a description of how each individual is an individual with significant control over the corporation, including, as applicable, a description of their interests and rights in respect of shares of the corporation;

  • (e) any other prescribed information; and

  • (f) a description of each step taken in accordance with subsection (2).

• Marginal note:Updating of information

  (2) The corporation shall, at the following times, take reasonable steps to ensure that it has identified all individuals with significant control over the corporation and that the information in the register is accurate, complete and up-to-date:

  • (a) at least once during each financial year of the corporation;

  • (b) on the request of the Director; and

  • (c) at the times provided for in the regulations.

• Marginal note:Recording of information

  (3) If the corporation becomes aware of any information referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) to (e) as a result of steps taken in accordance with subsection (2) or through any other means, the corporation shall record that information in the register within 15 days of becoming aware of it.

• Marginal note:Information from shareholders

  (4) If the corporation requests information referred to in any of paragraphs (1)(a) to (e) from one of its shareholders, the shareholder shall, to the best of their knowledge, reply accurately and completely as soon as feasible.

• Marginal note:Disposal of personal information

  (5) Within one year after the sixth anniversary of the day on which an individual ceases to be an individual with significant control over the corporation, the corporation shall — subject to any other Act of Parliament and to any Act of the legislature of a province that provides for a longer retention period — dispose of any of that individual’s personal information, as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, that is recorded in the register.

• Marginal note:Offence

  (6) A corporation that, without reasonable cause, contravenes this section is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars.

• Marginal note:Non-application

  (7) This section does not apply to a corporation

  • (a) that is a reporting issuer or an émetteur assujetti under an Act of the legislature of a province relating to the regulation of securities;

  • (b) any of the securities of which are listed and posted for trading on a designated stock exchange, as defined in subsection 248(1) of the Income Tax Act; or

  • (c) that is a member of a prescribed class.