National Defence Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. N-5)

Prisoners of War

Marginal note:Offences related to prisoners of war

76 Every person who

• (a) by want of due precaution, or through disobedience of orders or wilful neglect of duty, is made a prisoner of war,

• (b) having been made a prisoner of war, fails to rejoin Her Majesty’s service when able to do so, or

• (c) having been made a prisoner of war, serves with or aids the enemy,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction, if the person acted traitorously, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for life, and in any other case, is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Miscellaneous Operational Offences

Marginal note:Offences related to operations

77 Every person who

• (a) does violence to any person bringing materiel to any of Her Majesty’s Forces or to any forces cooperating therewith,

• (b) irregularly detains any materiel being conveyed to any unit or other element of Her Majesty’s Forces or of any forces cooperating therewith,

• (c) irregularly appropriates to the unit or other element of the Canadian Forces with which the person is serving any materiel being conveyed to any other unit or element of Her Majesty’s Forces or of any forces cooperating therewith,

• (d) without orders from the person’s superior officer, improperly destroys or damages any property,

• (e) breaks into any house or other place in search of plunder,

• (f) commits any offence against the property or person of any inhabitant or resident of a country in which he is serving,

• (g) steals from, or with intent to steal searches, the person of any person killed or wounded, in the course of warlike operations,

• (h) steals any money or property that has been left exposed or unprotected in consequence of warlike operations, or

• (i) takes otherwise than for the public service any money or property abandoned by the enemy,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction, if the person committed the offence on active service, is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment and, in any other case, is liable to dismissal with disgrace from Her Majesty’s service or to less punishment.

Spies for the Enemy

Marginal note:Offence of being spy

78 Every person who spies for the enemy is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Mutiny

Marginal note:Mutiny with violence

79 Every person who joins in a mutiny that is accompanied by violence is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Mutiny without violence

80 Every person who joins in a mutiny that is not accompanied by violence is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years or to less punishment or, in the case of a ringleader of the mutiny, to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Offences related to mutiny

81 Every person who

• (a) causes or conspires with any other person to cause a mutiny,

• (b) endeavours to persuade any person to join in a mutiny,

• (c) being present, does not use his utmost endeavours to suppress a mutiny, or

• (d) being aware of an actual or intended mutiny, does not without delay inform his superior officer thereof,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Seditious Offences

Marginal note:Advocating governmental change by force

82 Every person who publishes or circulates any writing, printing or document in which is advocated, or who teaches or advocates, the use, without the authority of law, of force as a means of accomplishing any governmental change within Canada is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Insubordination

Marginal note:Disobedience of lawful command

83 Every person who disobeys a lawful command of a superior officer is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Striking or offering violence to a superior officer

84 Every person who strikes or attempts to strike, or draws or lifts up a weapon against, or uses, attempts to use or offers violence against, a superior officer is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Insubordinate behaviour

85 Every person who uses threatening or insulting language to, or behaves with contempt toward, a superior officer is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to dismissal with disgrace from Her Majesty’s service or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Quarrels and disturbances

86 Every person who

• (a) quarrels or fights with any other person who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, or

• (b) uses provoking speeches or gestures toward a person so subject that tend to cause a quarrel or disturbance,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Resisting or escaping from arrest or custody

87 Every person who

• (a) being concerned in a quarrel, fray or disorder,

  • (i) refuses to obey an officer, though of inferior rank, who orders the person into arrest, or

  • (ii) strikes or uses or offers violence to any such officer,

• (b) strikes or uses or offers violence to any other person in whose custody he is placed, whether or not that other person is his superior officer and whether or not that other person is subject to the Code of Service Discipline,

• (c) resists an escort whose duty it is to apprehend him or to have him in charge, or

• (d) breaks out of barracks, station, camp, quarters or ship,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Desertion

Marginal note:Offence

• 88 (1) Every person who deserts or attempts to desert is guilty of an offence and on conviction, if the person committed the offence on active service or under orders for active service, is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment and, in any other case, is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to less punishment.

• Marginal note:Definition

  (2) A person deserts who

  • (a) being on or having been warned for active service, duty during an emergency or other important service, is absent without authority with the intention of avoiding that service;

  • (b) having been warned that his vessel is under sailing orders, is absent without authority with the intention of missing that vessel;

  • (c) absents himself without authority from his place of duty with the intention of remaining absent from his place of duty;

  • (d) is absent without authority from his place of duty and at any time during such absence forms the intention of remaining absent from his place of duty; or

  • (e) while absent with authority from his place of duty, with the intention of remaining absent from his place of duty, does any act or omits to do anything the natural and probable consequence of which act or omission is to preclude the person from being at his place of duty at the time required.

• Marginal note:Presumption of desertion

  (3) A person who has been absent without authority for a continuous period of six months or more shall, unless the contrary is proved, be presumed to have had the intention of remaining absent from his place of duty.

Marginal note:Connivance at desertion

89 Every person who

• (a) being aware of the desertion or intended desertion of a person from any of Her Majesty’s Forces, does not without reasonable excuse inform his superior officer forthwith, or

• (b) fails to take any steps in his power to cause the apprehension of a person whom he knows, or has reasonable grounds to believe, to be a deserter,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Absence without Leave

Marginal note:Offence

• 90 (1) Every person who absents himself without leave is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

• Marginal note:Definition

  (2) A person absents himself without leave who

  • (a) without authority leaves his place of duty;

  • (b) without authority is absent from his place of duty; or

  • (c) having been authorized to be absent from his place of duty, fails to return to his place of duty at the expiration of the period for which the absence of that person was authorized.

Marginal note:False statement in respect of leave

91 Every person who knowingly makes a false statement in respect of prolongation of leave of absence is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Disgraceful Conduct

Marginal note:Scandalous conduct by officers

92 Every officer who behaves in a scandalous manner unbecoming an officer is guilty of an offence and on conviction shall suffer dismissal with disgrace from Her Majesty’s service or dismissal from Her Majesty’s service.

Marginal note:Cruel or disgraceful conduct

93 Every person who behaves in a cruel or disgraceful manner is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Traitorous or disloyal utterances

94 Every person who uses traitorous or disloyal words regarding Her Majesty is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Abuse of subordinates

95 Every person who strikes or otherwise ill-treats any person who by reason of rank or appointment is subordinate to him is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Making false accusations or statements or suppressing facts

96 Every person who

• (a) makes a false accusation against an officer or non-commissioned member, knowing the accusation to be false, or

• (b) when seeking redress under section 29, knowingly makes a false statement affecting the character of an officer or non-commissioned member or knowingly, in respect of the redress so sought, suppresses any material fact

is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Drunkenness

• 97 (1) Drunkenness is an offence and every person convicted thereof is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment, except that, where the offence is committed by a non-commissioned member who is not on active service or on duty or who has not been warned for duty, no punishment of imprisonment, and no punishment of detention for a term in excess of ninety days, shall be imposed.

• Marginal note:When committed

  (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the offence of drunkenness is committed where a person, owing to the influence of alcohol or a drug,

  • (a) is unfit to be entrusted with any duty that the person is or may be required to perform; or

  • (b) behaves in a disorderly manner or in a manner likely to bring discredit on Her Majesty’s service.

Marginal note:Malingering, aggravating disease or infirmity or injuring self or another

98 Every person who

• (a) malingers or feigns or produces disease or infirmity,

• (b) aggravates, or delays the cure of, disease or infirmity by misconduct or wilful disobedience of orders, or

• (c) wilfully maims or injures himself or any other person who is a member of any of Her Majesty’s Forces or of any forces cooperating therewith, whether at the instance of that person or not, with intent thereby to render himself or that other person unfit for service, or causes himself to be maimed or injured by any person with intent thereby to render himself unfit for service,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction, if he commits the offence on active service or when under orders for active service or in respect of a person on active service or under orders for active service, is liable to imprisonment for life or to less punishment and, in any other case, is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to less punishment.

Offences in relation to Service Arrest and Custody

Marginal note:Detaining unnecessarily or failing to bring up for investigation

99 Every person who unnecessarily detains any other person in arrest or confinement without bringing him to trial, or fails to bring that other person’s case before the proper authority for investigation, is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.

Marginal note:Setting free without authority or allowing or assisting escape

100 Every person who

• (a) without authority sets free or authorizes or otherwise facilitates the setting free of any person in custody,

• (b) negligently or wilfully allows to escape any person who is committed to his charge, or whom it is his duty to guard or keep in custody, or

• (c) assists any person in escaping or in attempting to escape from custody,

is guilty of an offence and on conviction, if he acted wilfully, is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or to less punishment and, in any other case, is liable to imprisonment for less than two years or to less punishment.