Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42)

Marginal note:Obligations related to notice

• 41.26 (1) A person described in paragraph 41.25(1)(a) or (b) who receives a notice of claimed infringement that complies with subsections 41.25(2) and (3) shall, on being paid any fee that the person has lawfully charged for doing so,

  • (a) as soon as feasible forward the notice electronically to the person to whom the electronic location identified by the location data specified in the notice belongs and inform the claimant of its forwarding or, if applicable, of the reason why it was not possible to forward it; and

  • (b) retain records that will allow the identity of the person to whom the electronic location belongs to be determined, and do so for six months beginning on the day on which the notice of claimed infringement is received or, if the claimant commences proceedings relating to the claimed infringement and so notifies the person before the end of those six months, for one year after the day on which the person receives the notice of claimed infringement.

• Marginal note:Fees related to notices

  (2) The Minister may, by regulation, fix the maximum fee that a person may charge for performing his or her obligations under subsection (1). If no maximum is fixed by regulation, the person may not charge any amount under that subsection.

• Marginal note:Damages related to notices

  (3) A claimant’s only remedy against a person who fails to perform his or her obligations under subsection (1) is statutory damages in an amount that the court considers just, but not less than $5,000 and not more than $10,000.

• Marginal note:Regulations — change of amounts

  (4) The Governor in Council may, by regulation, increase or decrease the minimum or maximum amount of statutory damages set out in subsection (3).

Marginal note:Injunctive relief only — providers of information location tools

• 41.27 (1) In any proceedings for infringement of copyright, the owner of the copyright in a work or other subject-matter is not entitled to any remedy other than an injunction against a provider of an information location tool that is found to have infringed copyright by making a reproduction of the work or other subject-matter or by communicating that reproduction to the public by telecommunication.

• Marginal note:Conditions for application

  (2) Subsection (1) applies only if the provider, in respect of the work or other subject-matter,

  • (a) makes and caches, or does any act similar to caching, the reproduction in an automated manner for the purpose of providing the information location tool;

  • (b) communicates that reproduction to the public by telecommunication for the purpose of providing the information that has been located by the information location tool;

  • (c) does not modify the reproduction, other than for technical reasons;

  • (d) complies with any conditions relating to the making or caching, or doing of any act similar to caching, of reproductions of the work or other subject-matter, or to the communication of the reproductions to the public by telecommunication, that were specified in a manner consistent with industry practice by whoever made the work or other subject-matter available through the Internet or another digital network and that lend themselves to automated reading and execution; and

  • (e) does not interfere with the use of technology that is lawful and consistent with industry practice in order to obtain data on the use of the work or other subject-matter.

• Marginal note:Limitation

  (3) If the provider receives a notice of claimed infringement, relating to a work or other subject-matter, that complies with subsections 41.25(2) and (3) after the work or other subject-matter has been removed from the electronic location set out in the notice, then subsection (1) applies, with respect to reproductions made from that electronic location, only to infringements that occurred before the day that is 30 days — or the period that may be prescribed by regulation — after the day on which the provider receives the notice.

• Marginal note:Exception

  (4) Subsection (1) does not apply to the provision of the information location tool if the provision of that tool constitutes an infringement of copyright under subsection 27(2.3).

• Marginal note:Factors  —  scope of injunction

  (4.1) If it grants an injunction as set out in subsection (1), the court shall, among any other relevant factors, consider the following in establishing the terms of the injunction:

  • (a) the harm likely to be suffered by the copyright owner if steps are not taken to prevent or restrain the infringement; and

  • (b) the burden imposed on the provider and on the operation of the information location tool, including

    • (i) the aggregate effect of the injunction and any injunctions from other proceedings,

    • (ii) whether implementing the injunction would be technically feasible and effective in addressing the infringement,

    • (iii) whether implementing the injunction would interfere with the use of the information location tool for non-infringing acts, and

    • (iv) the availability of less burdensome and comparably effective means of preventing or restraining the infringement.

• Marginal note:Limitation

  (4.2) A court is not permitted to grant an injunction under section 39.1 against a provider who is the subject of an injunction set out in subsection (1).

• Marginal note:Meaning of information location tool

  (5) In this section, information location tool means any tool that makes it possible to locate information that is available through the Internet or another digital network.

Criminal Remedies

Marginal note:Offences

• 42 (1) Every person commits an offence who knowingly

  • (a) makes for sale or rental an infringing copy of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists;

  • (b) sells or rents out, or by way of trade exposes or offers for sale or rental, an infringing copy of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists;

  • (c) distributes infringing copies of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists, either for the purpose of trade or to such an extent as to affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright;

  • (d) by way of trade exhibits in public an infringing copy of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists;

  • (e) possesses, for sale, rental, distribution for the purpose of trade or exhibition in public by way of trade, an infringing copy of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists;

  • (f) imports, for sale or rental, into Canada any infringing copy of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists; or

  • (g) exports or attempts to export, for sale or rental, an infringing copy of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists.

• Marginal note:Possession and performance offences

  (2) Every person commits an offence who knowingly

  • (a) makes or possesses any plate that is specifically designed or adapted for the purpose of making infringing copies of any work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists; or

  • (b) for private profit causes to be performed in public, without the consent of the owner of the copyright, any work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (2.1) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (1) or (2) is liable

  • (a) on conviction on indictment, to a fine of not more than $1,000,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years or to both; or

  • (b) on summary conviction, to a fine of not more than $25,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than six months or to both.

• Marginal note:Power of court to deal with copies or plates

  (3) The court before which any proceedings under this section are taken may, on conviction, order that all copies of the work or other subject-matter that appear to it to be infringing copies, or all plates in the possession of the offender predominantly used for making infringing copies, be destroyed or delivered up to the owner of the copyright or otherwise dealt with as the court may think fit.

• Marginal note:Notice

  (3.01) Before making an order under subsection (3), the court shall require that notice be given to the owner of the copies or plates and to any other person who, in the court’s opinion, appears to have a right or interest in them, unless the court is of the opinion that the interests of justice do not require that the notice be given.

• Marginal note:Circumvention of technological protection measure

  (3.1) Every person, except a person who is acting on behalf of a library, archive or museum or an educational institution, is guilty of an offence who knowingly and for commercial purposes contravenes section 41.1 and is liable

  • (a) on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceeding $1,000,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both; or

  • (b) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding $25,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both.

• Marginal note:Offence — infringement related to rights management information

  (3.2) Every person, except a person who is acting on behalf of a library, archive or museum or an educational institution, commits an offence who knowingly and for commercial purposes

  • (a) removes or alters any rights management information in electronic form without the consent of the owner of the copyright in the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording, if the person knows that the removal or alteration will facilitate or conceal any infringement of the owner’s copyright or adversely affect the owner’s right to remuneration under section 19; or

  • (b) does any of the acts referred to in paragraphs 41.22(3)(a) to (e) with respect to any material form of the work, the performer’s performance fixed in a sound recording or the sound recording without the consent of the owner of the copyright and knows that

    • (i) the rights management information in electronic form has been removed or altered without the consent of the owner of the copyright, and

    • (ii) the removal or alteration will facilitate or conceal any infringement of the owner’s copyright or adversely affect the owner’s right to remuneration under section 19.

• Marginal note:Punishment

  (3.3) Every person who commits an offence under subsection (3.2) is liable

  • (a) on conviction on indictment to a fine of not more than $1,000,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years or to both; or

  • (b) on summary conviction to a fine of not more than $25,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than six months or to both.

• Marginal note:Definition of rights management information

  (3.4) In subsection (3.2), rights management information has the same meaning as in subsection 41.22(4).

• Marginal note:Limitation period

  (4) Proceedings by summary conviction in respect of an offence under this section may be instituted at any time within, but not later than, two years after the time when the offence was committed.

• Marginal note:Parallel importation

  (5) For the purposes of this section, a copy of a work or other subject-matter is not infringing if the copy was made with the consent of the owner of the copyright in the country where the copy was made.

Marginal note:Infringement in case of dramatic, operatic or musical work

• 43 (1) Any person who, without the written consent of the owner of the copyright or of the legal representative of the owner, knowingly performs or causes to be performed in public and for private profit the whole or any part, constituting an infringement, of any dramatic or operatic work or musical composition in which copyright subsists in Canada is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars and, in the case of a second or subsequent offence, either to that fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months or to both.

• Marginal note:Change or suppression of title or author’s name

  (2) Any person who makes or causes to be made any change in or suppression of the title, or the name of the author, of any dramatic or operatic work or musical composition in which copyright subsists in Canada, or who makes or causes to be made any change in the work or composition itself without the written consent of the author or of his legal representative, in order that the work or composition may be performed in whole or in part in public for private profit, is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and, in the case of a second or subsequent offence, either to that fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding four months or to both.

Limitation or Prescription Period

Marginal note:Limitation or prescription period for civil remedies

• 43.1 (1) Subject to subsection (2), a court may award a remedy for any act or omission that has been done contrary to this Act only if

  • (a) the proceedings for the act or omission giving rise to a remedy are commenced within three years after it occurred, in the case where the plaintiff knew, or could reasonably have been expected to know, of the act or omission at the time it occurred; or

  • (b) the proceedings for the act or omission giving rise to a remedy are commenced within three years after the time when the plaintiff first knew of it, or could reasonably have been expected to know of it, in the case where the plaintiff did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, of the act or omission at the time it occurred.

• Marginal note:Restriction

  (2) The court shall apply the limitation or prescription period set out in paragraph (1)(a) or (b) only in respect of a party who pleads a limitation period.

Importation and Exportation

Interpretation

Marginal note:Definitions

44 The following definitions apply in sections 44.02 to 44.4.

court

court means the Federal Court or the superior court of a province. (tribunal)

customs officer

customs officer has the meaning assigned by the definition officer in subsection 2(1) of the Customs Act. (agent des douanes)

duties

duties has the same meaning as in subsection 2(1) of the Customs Act. (droits)

Minister

Minister means the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. (ministre)

release

release has the same meaning as in subsection 2(1) of the Customs Act. (dédouane­ment)

working day

working day means a day other than a Saturday or a holiday. (jour ouvrable)

Prohibition and Detention by Customs Officer

Prohibition

Marginal note:Prohibition on importation or exportation

• 44.01 (1) Copies of a work or other subject-matter in which copyright subsists shall not be imported or exported if

  • (a) they were made without the consent of the owner of the copyright in the country where they were made; and

  • (b) they infringe copyright or, if they were not made in Canada, they would infringe copyright had they been made in Canada by the person who made them.

• Marginal note:Exception

  (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to copies that are imported or exported by an individual in their possession or baggage if the circumstances, including the number of copies, indicate that the copies are intended only for their personal use.